In today's interconnected world, digital platforms offer unprecedented communication, expression, and activism opportunities. However, these same platforms have also become battlegrounds where women's voices are systematically silenced through technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV).
Based on the research made by the Center for Information Resilience on social media platforms (specifically on Facebook, Telegram, and X) within Ethiopia's online space, this article explores how TFGBV targets and suppresses women's voices in digital spaces, the profound impacts of this silencing, and the measures necessary to reclaim these platforms as safe and equitable spaces for all.
Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence
GBV and discrimination against women are prevalent phenomena across the world that are rooted deep in cultural and social prejudices. They are particular to each state, and reinforced by the legal and institutional frameworks - in our case, digital platforms of the status quo.
Ethiopia, with its known history of conflict and rampant violations of basic human rights, experiences, directly or indirectly, a wide range of violations concerning women’s rights in employment relations, legal protection as well as in times of war. On top of these, technological advancements such as social media platforms, instead of minimizing the impact of GBV, were found to be facilitating the perpetuation of hate speech, revenge pornography, and harassment. The findings are contained in research conducted by the Centre for Information Resilience, and thus, inaugurated the commencement of a highly systematized form of oppression called Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence (TFGBV).
The enduring effects of violence can have a significant impact on a woman’s health and well-being, persisting throughout her lifetime. Source: Givingcompass.org
TFGBV encompasses a range of harmful behaviors that leverage the anonymity and reach of digital platforms to harass, intimidate, and silence women. Since the research specifically focused on hate speech, the results heavily revolve around this topic. Hate speech, when directed against women and girls, often takes on a distinct character compared to other identity groups.
The research reveals that gender-based hate speech tends to reinforce stereotypes, imply inferiority, or employ irony and mockery, rather than displaying overt aggression. This form of abuse reflects deep-seated patriarchal attitudes and societal norms that perpetuate gender inequality and subjugation.
Moreover, hate speech targeting women intersects with other identity markers, such as ethnicity and religion, exacerbating the already existing ostracization. For instance, in regions of Ethiopia experiencing active conflict, hate speech against women and girls from specific ethnic groups becomes more prevalent. This intersectional abuse reflects the volatile political landscape and how offline events influence online discourse, amplifying existing prejudices and tensions.
Digital violence is further amplified through mass flow of information by the use of unbridled technology. Source: UNFPA.
Despite its insidious nature, gendered hate speech often flies under the radar, overshadowed by more overt forms of aggression. The normalization of gender-based abuse has rendered it almost invisible, contributing to its pervasive presence in digital spaces. Discussions among stakeholders reveal a concerning belief that gender-based abuse has become so endemic that it is perceived as normal, making it harder to recognize and address. Furthermore, certain forms of gender-based hate speech, such as the use of stereotypes and implications of inferiority, are often downplayed or dismissed as less harmful compared to overt threats or aggression.
Impacts of Silencing Women's Voices
The silencing of women through TFGBV has profound and far-reaching consequences, affecting their psychological, social, and professional well-being. Psychologically, the relentless nature of online abuse can lead to anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The emotional toll of such abuse is severe, often resulting in diminished self-esteem and a reluctance to engage in public discourse.
Women facing harassment and threats will be more likely to find refugee in their silence than outrightly confront the danger in front of them, which is why demanding inclusive online platforms has never been more evident or pressing. Source: UNRIC
Socially, TFGBV isolates women, driving them away from online communities and support networks. The spread of false information or private content can damage personal relationships and reputations, further compounding the sense of isolation and vulnerability. Professionally, the impact is equally damaging. Women who are targeted by online abuse may withdraw from professional opportunities, fearing further harassment or reputational damage.
The broader societal impact is also significant. When women's voices are silenced, their contributions to public discourse, advocacy, and decision-making are lost. This not only undermines gender equality but also impoverishes public debate and the diversity of perspectives essential for a healthy democratic society.
Addressing Technology-Facilitated Gender-Based Violence
Addressing the silencing of women through TFGBV requires a comprehensive and coordinated approach involving legal measures, platform policies, support systems, and societal change. Legal frameworks must be strengthened and enforced to penalize online harassment and other forms of TFGBV.
Effective legislation can serve as a deterrent and provide justice for victims. Online platforms play a crucial role in combating TFGBV. Social media companies and other digital platforms must implement robust policies and tools for reporting, moderating, and preventing abusive behaviors. This includes employing advanced algorithms to detect and remove harmful content swiftly and providing users with accessible reporting mechanisms. Platforms must also be transparent in their enforcement practices to build trust and accountability.
Empowering women and girls to participate and lead in the technology sector would realize the design and use of safe digital tools and spaces free of violence. Source: UNFPA
Support systems are vital for victims of TFGBV. Providing resources such as counseling, legal assistance, and safe reporting mechanisms can offer much-needed help and protection. Organizations supporting victims should be adequately funded and promoted to ensure they can reach those in need. Awareness and education are fundamental in preventing TFGBV and empowering women to reclaim their voices online.
Promoting digital literacy and raising awareness about TFGBV, its impacts, and preventive measures can help users recognize and combat abuse. Educational programs should aim at realizing a culture of respect and equality online, actively protesting the societal norms that lay underneath gender-based violence.
Conclusion
Technology-facilitated gender-based violence (TFGBV) represents a modern threat that demands urgent attention and action. The pervasive nature of digital technologies has amplified the reach and impact of gender-based violence, creating new challenges for victims, policymakers, and society at large.
By understanding the forms and impacts of TFGBV and implementing comprehensive measures to address it, we can create a safer online environment for all users. Combating TFGBV requires a collective effort, involving legal reforms, platform accountability, victim support, and societal change, to ensure that the digital world is a space of empowerment and safety rather than abuse and harm.
